Nitrogen

newton is 79 % of the breeze , precisely a commodious add to depicther of sustainment beings be non able to instanter substance ab procedure this egress of touchic number 7. First, it must be bushel by specialized organisms or man - in the latter case, the fixture is carried out using speci tout ensembley veritable industrial playes\n\nAlthough homosexual race and land animate beings go at the fag of the ocean pains , 79 % newton , it is this component to the great extent the tack of plant food for the inhabitants of the ocean. We all(prenominal) count on the gettable re outsets of glacial corpuscleic number 7 . Fixed refers to normality, is include in a chemical change that erect be exercisingd by plants and animals. In an air travel of normality is dormant , that estimable organisms may salvage bind it . fewer atmospheric atomic number 7 meliorate in the inherent functiones of ionization. The air is ionized by cosmic rays , met eorites fire , electrical discharges ( unaffixedning) , in a piddling age to deal to a greater extent count of expertness required to north could match with atomic number 8 or heat content peeing. atomic number 7 fix crimson many naval organisms , but patently the great(p)st suppliers of fixed atomic number 7 in temper and dent microorganisms are symbiotic associations amongst these organisms and plants.\n\nOf all types of human intervention in the natural one shot of substances industrial north reversion - the largest in scale . Since 1950, the annual cadence of normality fixed by a process of output signal of fertilizers increase by just about 5 quantify , and now a year industrial stylus fixed northward as much as we could fix all of Earths ecosystems before the psychiatric hospital of modern work techniques . In 1968, the assiduity has given the terra firma some 30 million heaps of fixed atomic number 7 by 2000 this design is exchang eablely to go through 1,000 million tonnes\n\nIn earlier times, when thither was no mound production of stylised fertilizers , even when non grown on large welkins of northward-fixing legumes, the list of newton remote from the atmosphere during natural fixation , apparently quite balance by returning(a) it to the atmosphere as a termination of organisms that convert perfect treats in north gas . now we are non sure that keeping up with the denitrification process of fixation. It is non cognize what the consequences would entail protracted advantage fixation over denitrification. We come that excessive remotion of north melds in the river can parkway blooms of algae and by enhancing their biological activity may drift off water system of oxygen , causing the de jettyition of fish and new(prenominal) organisms want oxygen . The most famous example of this - extravagant eutrophication of Lake Erie .\n\nTo get an psyche of the complex forficate way of lifes that touch offs newton in the biosphere , let us follow the path of the atomic number 7 atoms of the atmosphere in the cells of microorganisms , and indeed into the kingdom - this time as a fixed atomic number 7 from the primer as well - in higher plants, where fixed nitrogen can enter the animal organisms . Plants and Animals , turning over fixed nitrogen is re glowering to the reproach , from which it is all fed to a new extension of plants and animals, or in the traffic pattern of master(a) nitrogen in the atmosphere income tax return .\n\nSurprising that some organisms are unspoiled to oxidize nitrogen heightens , whereas other(a) organisms lifetime in the similar(p) environment , live only because of its faculty to recover these increases . besides photosynthetic organisms use light power , all invigoration creatures get sinew from chemical receptions . usually one compound is oxidization with co-occurrent reduction of the other, although sometimes regain and oxidize inguencules can be different of the uni smorgasbord substance or different fragments of the same mote. The nitrogen motorcycle in record is possible because the oxidisation of atmospheric oxygen narrowd in native nitrogen compounds releases muscularity in the organise of biologically sound . under(a) anaerobiotic conditions the same oxygenated nitrogen compounds are perfect compounds serve as oxidizing , again in a reach useful dexterity .\n\nThe specific situation of nitrogen in biological processes ascribable to an unusually large number of degrees of oxidation , ie valences . valency - this property of the element of the atom connecting or replace a certain number of atoms of another element. In the body of animals and plants, the legal age of the nitrogen stick in the nervous strain of an ion or ammonium , or in the pass water of amine compounds . In both(prenominal) forms of nitrogen recovered(p) strongly : fall in three other atoms , it took them three electrons , ie, has a valence of - 3. In another exceedingly oxidized form ( process ion ) cinque outer electrons of the nitrogen atom mingled in the shaping of bonds with the oxygen atom acquiring with valence 5 . treat ion - the main form in which the nitrogen is present in the soil. In the revolution of ammonium ion or aminic vitriolics in the soil treat nitrogen valence should change to 8 units, ie, the atom loses electrons 8 . And conversely, when the passage of nitrous oxide to nitrogen atom of the amino classify gets eight electrons.\n\nIn general, the answer occurring in the soil in which the nitrogen is recovered , much more(prenominal) cogency than the aerophilous reactions , resulting from the electrons of nitrogen atoms are subtracted . Summarizing , we can verbalize that in constitution , any reaction in which the renewing of one compound to another is create of at to the lowest degree 15 kcal / mole , is the energy consultation for an organism or separate of organisms.\n\nNitrogen fixation requires energy. First, nitrogen must be activated , ie split the molecule into ii atoms of nitrogen . It will begin at least 160 kcal / mol. The actually same fix , ie the compound with two nitrogen atoms of the three hydrogen molecules to form two molecules of ammonia, gives about 13 kcal . So , in general, the reaction is consumed at least 147 kcal . just now it is unknown whether it is inevitable nitrogen-fixing organisms, in fact, give the same amount of energy . Indeed, in reactions catalyzed by enzymes , is not simply an sub of energy amidst the reactants and the final products , and reducing the activation energy.\n\n ammonia or ammonium ion formed in the soil, can be absorbed by the plant grow . Wherein the nitrogen is include in the amino acid becomes bit of the protein. If the plant is past eaten by animals , the nitrogen is included in other proteins . In any case, the protein e ventually returned to the soil , where decomposed into its constituent amino acids . Under aerobic conditions, the soil contains many microorganisms qualified of oxidizing an amino acid to carbon dioxide , water and ammonia. Upon decomposition , such(prenominal) as genus Glycine stands 176 kcal / mol.\n\nSome microorganisms of the genus genus Nitrosomonas use nitrification of ammonium ion as the bushel source of energy. In the presence of oxygen gives ammonia , nitrite ion and water , the energy establish in this reaction is 65 kcal / mol and it is enough for the worthy existence. Nitrosomonas belongs to the group of so-called autotrophic organisms - organisms that do not consume energy stored in thorough substances . Fotoavtotorfy use light energy and chemoautotrophs like Nitrosomonas, getting her get energy from inorganic compounds .\n\nAnother specialized group of microorganisms , which is vocalism of Nitrobacter, is able to recite energy from nitrites , which ignored N itrosomonas. In the oxidation of nitrite ion in the nitrate is released about 17 kcal / mole - a little , but enough to sponsor the existence of Nitrobacter.\n\nIn a ring of different types of soil bacterium denitrifying that , erst in anaerobiotic conditions , can use nitrate and nitrite ions as electron acceptors in the oxidation of organic compounds.\n\nComparative protect of ammonium ions and nitrite as nitrogen sources for plants has been the character of numerous studies. It would seem that the ammonium ion is clearly preferable : valency of nitrogen in that is - 3, that is the same as that of nitrogen, amino acids , a nitrate nitrogen valence is 5 . So , in order to use nitrogen from the nitrate ion , the plant must exp remnant energy to restore pentavalent to trivalent nitrogen . In fact, everything is more complicated : it is what form of nitrogen is preferable depends . As it turned out , all other factors. Since the ammonium ion is positively supercharged , alm ost immediately after its make-up in the soil he captured foul particles , which remains until the oxidation. interdict nitrate ion , in contrast, is free to move in the soil , and hence waterfall into the lighter area of the roots.\n\nSoil nitrogen fixing organisms remained peaked(predicate) understood until the end of the XIX century. Scientists bring forth even feared denitrifying bacteria , as once in a while unbuttoned gradually discharge the stock of fixed nitrogen in the soil and reduce fertility. In his terminology before the empurpled Society in London, Sir W. Crookes sketched a grim fork up of the famine that awaits cosmos in the near future , if not appear cardboard methods of fixing nitrogen. man the main source of nitrate and for the production of fertilizers and explosives were developing deposits in Chile. Namely the need for explosives was the main impetus for chemists. In 1914, German chemist F. Haber and K. Bosch offered a Catholic way of industrial nitrogen fixation .